dispatch/vendor/github.com/spf13/cobra

Cobra is both a library for creating powerful modern CLI applications as well as a program to generate applications and command files.

Many of the most widely used Go projects are built using Cobra including:

• Kubernetes
• Hugo
• rkt
• etcd
• Docker
• Docker (distribution)
• OpenShift
• Delve
• GopherJS
• CockroachDB
• Bleve
• ProjectAtomic (enterprise)
• Parse (CLI)
• GiantSwarm's swarm
• Nanobox/Nanopack

Overview

Cobra is a library providing a simple interface to create powerful modern CLI interfaces similar to git & go tools.

Cobra is also an application that will generate your application scaffolding to rapidly develop a Cobra-based application.

Cobra provides:

• Easy subcommand-based CLIs: app server, app fetch, etc.
• Fully POSIX-compliant flags (including short & long versions)
• Nested subcommands
• Global, local and cascading flags
• Easy generation of applications & commands with cobra create appname & cobra add cmdname
• Intelligent suggestions (app srver... did you mean app server?)
• Automatic help generation for commands and flags
• Automatic detailed help for app help [command]
• Automatic help flag recognition of -h, --help, etc.
• Automatically generated bash autocomplete for your application
• Automatically generated man pages for your application
• Command aliases so you can change things without breaking them
• The flexibilty to define your own help, usage, etc.
• Optional tight integration with viper for 12-factor apps

Cobra has an exceptionally clean interface and simple design without needless constructors or initialization methods.

Applications built with Cobra commands are designed to be as user-friendly as possible. Flags can be placed before or after the command (as long as a confusing space isn’t provided). Both short and long flags can be used. A command need not even be fully typed. Help is automatically generated and available for the application or for a specific command using either the help command or the --help flag.

Concepts

Cobra is built on a structure of commands, arguments & flags.

Commands represent actions, Args are things and Flags are modifiers for those actions.

The best applications will read like sentences when used. Users will know how to use the application because they will natively understand how to use it.

The pattern to follow is APPNAME VERB NOUN --ADJECTIVE. or APPNAME COMMAND ARG --FLAG

A few good real world examples may better illustrate this point.

In the following example, 'server' is a command, and 'port' is a flag:

> hugo server --port=1313

In this command we are telling Git to clone the url bare.

> git clone URL --bare

Commands

Command is the central point of the application. Each interaction that the application supports will be contained in a Command. A command can have children commands and optionally run an action.

In the example above, 'server' is the command.

A Command has the following structure:

type Command struct {
    Use string // The one-line usage message.
    Short string // The short description shown in the 'help' output.
    Long string // The long message shown in the 'help <this-command>' output.
    Run func(cmd *Command, args []string) // Run runs the command.
}

Flags

A Flag is a way to modify the behavior of a command. Cobra supports fully POSIX-compliant flags as well as the Go flag package. A Cobra command can define flags that persist through to children commands and flags that are only available to that command.

In the example above, 'port' is the flag.

Flag functionality is provided by the pflag library, a fork of the flag standard library which maintains the same interface while adding POSIX compliance.

Usage

Cobra works by creating a set of commands and then organizing them into a tree. The tree defines the structure of the application.

Once each command is defined with its corresponding flags, then the tree is assigned to the commander which is finally executed.

Installing

Using Cobra is easy. First, use go get to install the latest version of the library. This command will install the cobra generator executible along with the library:

> go get -v github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra

Next, include Cobra in your application:

import "github.com/spf13/cobra"

Getting Started

While you are welcome to provide your own organization, typically a Cobra based application will follow the following organizational structure.

  ▾ appName/
    ▾ cmd/
        add.go
        your.go
        commands.go
        here.go
      main.go

In a Cobra app, typically the main.go file is very bare. It serves, one purpose, to initialize Cobra.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"{pathToYourApp}/cmd"
)

func main() {
	if err := cmd.RootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
}

Using the Cobra Generator

Cobra provides its own program that will create your application and add any commands you want. It's the easiest way to incorporate Cobra into your application.

In order to use the cobra command, compile it using the following command:

> go install github.com/spf13/cobra/cobra

This will create the cobra executable under your go path bin directory!

cobra init

The cobra init [yourApp] command will create your initial application code for you. It is a very powerful application that will populate your program with the right structure so you can immediately enjoy all the benefits of Cobra. It will also automatically apply the license you specify to your application.

Cobra init is pretty smart. You can provide it a full path, or simply a path similar to what is expected in the import.

cobra init github.com/spf13/newAppName

cobra add

Once an application is initialized Cobra can create additional commands for you. Let's say you created an app and you wanted the following commands for it:

• app serve
• app config
• app config create

In your project directory (where your main.go file is) you would run the following:

cobra add serve
cobra add config
cobra add create -p 'configCmd'

Once you have run these three commands you would have an app structure that would look like:

  ▾ app/
    ▾ cmd/
        serve.go
        config.go
        create.go
      main.go

at this point you can run go run main.go and it would run your app. go run main.go serve, go run main.go config, go run main.go config create along with go run main.go help serve, etc would all work.

Obviously you haven't added your own code to these yet, the commands are ready for you to give them their tasks. Have fun.

Configuring the cobra generator

The cobra generator will be easier to use if you provide a simple configuration file which will help you eliminate providing a bunch of repeated information in flags over and over.

An example ~/.cobra.yaml file:

author: Steve Francia <spf@spf13.com>
license: MIT

You can specify no license by setting license to none or you can specify a custom license:

license:
  header: This file is part of {{ .appName }}.
  text: |
    {{ .copyright }}

    This is my license. There are many like it, but this one is mine.
    My license is my best friend. It is my life. I must master it as I must
    master my life.      

Manually implementing Cobra

To manually implement cobra you need to create a bare main.go file and a RootCmd file. You will optionally provide additional commands as you see fit.

Create the root command

The root command represents your binary itself.

Manually create rootCmd

Cobra doesn't require any special constructors. Simply create your commands.

Ideally you place this in app/cmd/root.go:

var RootCmd = &cobra.Command{
	Use:   "hugo",
	Short: "Hugo is a very fast static site generator",
	Long: `A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with
                love by spf13 and friends in Go.
                Complete documentation is available at http://hugo.spf13.com`,
	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
		// Do Stuff Here
	},
}

You will additionally define flags and handle configuration in your init() function.

for example cmd/root.go:

func init() {
	cobra.OnInitialize(initConfig)
	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&cfgFile, "config", "", "config file (default is $HOME/.cobra.yaml)")
	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&projectBase, "projectbase", "b", "", "base project directory eg. github.com/spf13/")
	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringP("author", "a", "YOUR NAME", "Author name for copyright attribution")
	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&userLicense, "license", "l", "", "Name of license for the project (can provide `licensetext` in config)")
	RootCmd.PersistentFlags().Bool("viper", true, "Use Viper for configuration")
	viper.BindPFlag("author", RootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("author"))
	viper.BindPFlag("projectbase", RootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("projectbase"))
	viper.BindPFlag("useViper", RootCmd.PersistentFlags().Lookup("viper"))
	viper.SetDefault("author", "NAME HERE <EMAIL ADDRESS>")
	viper.SetDefault("license", "apache")
}

Create your main.go

With the root command you need to have your main function execute it. Execute should be run on the root for clarity, though it can be called on any command.

In a Cobra app, typically the main.go file is very bare. It serves, one purpose, to initialize Cobra.

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"os"

	"{pathToYourApp}/cmd"
)

func main() {
	if err := cmd.RootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		os.Exit(1)
	}
}

Create additional commands

Additional commands can be defined and typically are each given their own file inside of the cmd/ directory.

If you wanted to create a version command you would create cmd/version.go and populate it with the following:

package cmd

import (
	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
	"fmt"
)

func init() {
	RootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
}

var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{
	Use:   "version",
	Short: "Print the version number of Hugo",
	Long:  `All software has versions. This is Hugo's`,
	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
		fmt.Println("Hugo Static Site Generator v0.9 -- HEAD")
	},
}

Attach command to its parent

If you notice in the above example we attach the command to its parent. In this case the parent is the rootCmd. In this example we are attaching it to the root, but commands can be attached at any level.

RootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)

Remove a command from its parent

Removing a command is not a common action in simple programs, but it allows 3rd parties to customize an existing command tree.

In this example, we remove the existing VersionCmd command of an existing root command, and we replace it with our own version:

mainlib.RootCmd.RemoveCommand(mainlib.VersionCmd)
mainlib.RootCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)

Working with Flags

Flags provide modifiers to control how the action command operates.

Assign flags to a command

Since the flags are defined and used in different locations, we need to define a variable outside with the correct scope to assign the flag to work with.

var Verbose bool
var Source string

There are two different approaches to assign a flag.

Persistent Flags

A flag can be 'persistent' meaning that this flag will be available to the command it's assigned to as well as every command under that command. For global flags, assign a flag as a persistent flag on the root.

RootCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&Verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")

Local Flags

A flag can also be assigned locally which will only apply to that specific command.

RootCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&Source, "source", "s", "", "Source directory to read from")

Example

In the example below, we have defined three commands. Two are at the top level and one (cmdTimes) is a child of one of the top commands. In this case the root is not executable meaning that a subcommand is required. This is accomplished by not providing a 'Run' for the 'rootCmd'.

We have only defined one flag for a single command.

More documentation about flags is available at https://github.com/spf13/pflag

package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"strings"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)

func main() {

	var echoTimes int

	var cmdPrint = &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "print [string to print]",
		Short: "Print anything to the screen",
		Long: `print is for printing anything back to the screen.
            For many years people have printed back to the screen.
            `,
		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Println("Print: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
		},
	}

	var cmdEcho = &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "echo [string to echo]",
		Short: "Echo anything to the screen",
		Long: `echo is for echoing anything back.
            Echo works a lot like print, except it has a child command.
            `,
		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Println("Print: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
		},
	}

	var cmdTimes = &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "times [# times] [string to echo]",
		Short: "Echo anything to the screen more times",
		Long: `echo things multiple times back to the user by providing
            a count and a string.`,
		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			for i := 0; i < echoTimes; i++ {
				fmt.Println("Echo: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
			}
		},
	}

	cmdTimes.Flags().IntVarP(&echoTimes, "times", "t", 1, "times to echo the input")

	var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{Use: "app"}
	rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdPrint, cmdEcho)
	cmdEcho.AddCommand(cmdTimes)
	rootCmd.Execute()
}

For a more complete example of a larger application, please checkout Hugo.

The Help Command

Cobra automatically adds a help command to your application when you have subcommands. This will be called when a user runs 'app help'. Additionally, help will also support all other commands as input. Say, for instance, you have a command called 'create' without any additional configuration; Cobra will work when 'app help create' is called. Every command will automatically have the '--help' flag added.

Example

The following output is automatically generated by Cobra. Nothing beyond the command and flag definitions are needed.

> hugo help

hugo is the main command, used to build your Hugo site.

Hugo is a Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator
built with love by spf13 and friends in Go.

Complete documentation is available at http://gohugo.io/.

Usage:
  hugo [flags]
  hugo [command]

Available Commands:
  server          Hugo runs its own webserver to render the files
  version         Print the version number of Hugo
  config          Print the site configuration
  check           Check content in the source directory
  benchmark       Benchmark hugo by building a site a number of times.
  convert         Convert your content to different formats
  new             Create new content for your site
  list            Listing out various types of content
  undraft         Undraft changes the content's draft status from 'True' to 'False'
  genautocomplete Generate shell autocompletion script for Hugo
  gendoc          Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.
  genman          Generate man page for Hugo
  import          Import your site from others.

Flags:
  -b, --baseURL="": hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. http://spf13.com/
  -D, --buildDrafts[=false]: include content marked as draft
  -F, --buildFuture[=false]: include content with publishdate in the future
      --cacheDir="": filesystem path to cache directory. Defaults: $TMPDIR/hugo_cache/
      --canonifyURLs[=false]: if true, all relative URLs will be canonicalized using baseURL
      --config="": config file (default is path/config.yaml|json|toml)
  -d, --destination="": filesystem path to write files to
      --disableRSS[=false]: Do not build RSS files
      --disableSitemap[=false]: Do not build Sitemap file
      --editor="": edit new content with this editor, if provided
      --ignoreCache[=false]: Ignores the cache directory for reading but still writes to it
      --log[=false]: Enable Logging
      --logFile="": Log File path (if set, logging enabled automatically)
      --noTimes[=false]: Don't sync modification time of files
      --pluralizeListTitles[=true]: Pluralize titles in lists using inflect
      --preserveTaxonomyNames[=false]: Preserve taxonomy names as written ("Gérard Depardieu" vs "gerard-depardieu")
  -s, --source="": filesystem path to read files relative from
      --stepAnalysis[=false]: display memory and timing of different steps of the program
  -t, --theme="": theme to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)
      --uglyURLs[=false]: if true, use /filename.html instead of /filename/
  -v, --verbose[=false]: verbose output
      --verboseLog[=false]: verbose logging
  -w, --watch[=false]: watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed

Use "hugo [command] --help" for more information about a command.

Help is just a command like any other. There is no special logic or behavior around it. In fact, you can provide your own if you want.

Defining your own help

You can provide your own Help command or your own template for the default command to use.

The default help command is

func (c *Command) initHelp() {
	if c.helpCommand == nil {
		c.helpCommand = &Command{
			Use:   "help [command]",
			Short: "Help about any command",
			Long: `Help provides help for any command in the application.
        Simply type ` + c.Name() + ` help [path to command] for full details.`,
			Run: c.HelpFunc(),
		}
	}
	c.AddCommand(c.helpCommand)
}

You can provide your own command, function or template through the following methods:

command.SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command)

command.SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string))

command.SetHelpTemplate(s string)

The latter two will also apply to any children commands.

Usage

When the user provides an invalid flag or invalid command, Cobra responds by showing the user the 'usage'.

Example

You may recognize this from the help above. That's because the default help embeds the usage as part of its output.

Usage:
  hugo [flags]
  hugo [command]

Available Commands:
  server          Hugo runs its own webserver to render the files
  version         Print the version number of Hugo
  config          Print the site configuration
  check           Check content in the source directory
  benchmark       Benchmark hugo by building a site a number of times.
  convert         Convert your content to different formats
  new             Create new content for your site
  list            Listing out various types of content
  undraft         Undraft changes the content's draft status from 'True' to 'False'
  genautocomplete Generate shell autocompletion script for Hugo
  gendoc          Generate Markdown documentation for the Hugo CLI.
  genman          Generate man page for Hugo
  import          Import your site from others.

Flags:
  -b, --baseURL="": hostname (and path) to the root, e.g. http://spf13.com/
  -D, --buildDrafts[=false]: include content marked as draft
  -F, --buildFuture[=false]: include content with publishdate in the future
      --cacheDir="": filesystem path to cache directory. Defaults: $TMPDIR/hugo_cache/
      --canonifyURLs[=false]: if true, all relative URLs will be canonicalized using baseURL
      --config="": config file (default is path/config.yaml|json|toml)
  -d, --destination="": filesystem path to write files to
      --disableRSS[=false]: Do not build RSS files
      --disableSitemap[=false]: Do not build Sitemap file
      --editor="": edit new content with this editor, if provided
      --ignoreCache[=false]: Ignores the cache directory for reading but still writes to it
      --log[=false]: Enable Logging
      --logFile="": Log File path (if set, logging enabled automatically)
      --noTimes[=false]: Don't sync modification time of files
      --pluralizeListTitles[=true]: Pluralize titles in lists using inflect
      --preserveTaxonomyNames[=false]: Preserve taxonomy names as written ("Gérard Depardieu" vs "gerard-depardieu")
  -s, --source="": filesystem path to read files relative from
      --stepAnalysis[=false]: display memory and timing of different steps of the program
  -t, --theme="": theme to use (located in /themes/THEMENAME/)
      --uglyURLs[=false]: if true, use /filename.html instead of /filename/
  -v, --verbose[=false]: verbose output
      --verboseLog[=false]: verbose logging
  -w, --watch[=false]: watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed

Defining your own usage

You can provide your own usage function or template for Cobra to use.

The default usage function is:

return func(c *Command) error {
	err := tmpl(c.Out(), c.UsageTemplate(), c)
	return err
}

Like help, the function and template are overridable through public methods:

command.SetUsageFunc(f func(*Command) error)

command.SetUsageTemplate(s string)

PreRun or PostRun Hooks

It is possible to run functions before or after the main Run function of your command. The PersistentPreRun and PreRun functions will be executed before Run. PersistentPostRun and PostRun will be executed after Run. The Persistent*Run functions will be inherited by children if they do not declare their own. These functions are run in the following order:

• PersistentPreRun
• PreRun
• Run
• PostRun
• PersistentPostRun

An example of two commands which use all of these features is below. When the subcommand is executed, it will run the root command's PersistentPreRun but not the root command's PersistentPostRun:

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)

func main() {

	var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "root [sub]",
		Short: "My root command",
		PersistentPreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PersistentPreRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PreRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd Run with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		PostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PostRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		PersistentPostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside rootCmd PersistentPostRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
	}

	var subCmd = &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "sub [no options!]",
		Short: "My subcommand",
		PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PreRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd Run with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		PostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PostRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
		PersistentPostRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
			fmt.Printf("Inside subCmd PersistentPostRun with args: %v\n", args)
		},
	}

	rootCmd.AddCommand(subCmd)

	rootCmd.SetArgs([]string{""})
	_ = rootCmd.Execute()
	fmt.Print("\n")
	rootCmd.SetArgs([]string{"sub", "arg1", "arg2"})
	_ = rootCmd.Execute()
}

Alternative Error Handling

Cobra also has functions where the return signature is an error. This allows for errors to bubble up to the top, providing a way to handle the errors in one location. The current list of functions that return an error is:

• PersistentPreRunE
• PreRunE
• RunE
• PostRunE
• PersistentPostRunE

If you would like to silence the default error and usage output in favor of your own, you can set SilenceUsage and SilenceErrors to true on the command. A child command respects these flags if they are set on the parent command.

Example Usage using RunE:

package main

import (
	"errors"
	"log"

	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
)

func main() {
	var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{
		Use:   "hugo",
		Short: "Hugo is a very fast static site generator",
		Long: `A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with
                love by spf13 and friends in Go.
                Complete documentation is available at http://hugo.spf13.com`,
		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
			// Do Stuff Here
			return errors.New("some random error")
		},
	}

	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

Suggestions when "unknown command" happens

Cobra will print automatic suggestions when "unknown command" errors happen. This allows Cobra to behave similarly to the git command when a typo happens. For example:

$ hugo srever
Error: unknown command "srever" for "hugo"

Did you mean this?
        server

Run 'hugo --help' for usage.

Suggestions are automatic based on every subcommand registered and use an implementation of Levenshtein distance. Every registered command that matches a minimum distance of 2 (ignoring case) will be displayed as a suggestion.

If you need to disable suggestions or tweak the string distance in your command, use:

command.DisableSuggestions = true

or

command.SuggestionsMinimumDistance = 1

You can also explicitly set names for which a given command will be suggested using the SuggestFor attribute. This allows suggestions for strings that are not close in terms of string distance, but makes sense in your set of commands and for some which you don't want aliases. Example:

$ kubectl remove
Error: unknown command "remove" for "kubectl"

Did you mean this?
        delete

Run 'kubectl help' for usage.

Generating Markdown-formatted documentation for your command

Cobra can generate a Markdown-formatted document based on the subcommands, flags, etc. A simple example of how to do this for your command can be found in Markdown Docs.

Generating man pages for your command

Cobra can generate a man page based on the subcommands, flags, etc. A simple example of how to do this for your command can be found in Man Docs.

Generating bash completions for your command

Cobra can generate a bash-completion file. If you add more information to your command, these completions can be amazingly powerful and flexible. Read more about it in Bash Completions.

Debugging

Cobra provides a ‘DebugFlags’ method on a command which, when called, will print out everything Cobra knows about the flags for each command.

Example

command.DebugFlags()

Release Notes

• 0.9.0 June 17, 2014
  • flags can appears anywhere in the args (provided they are unambiguous)
  • --help prints usage screen for app or command
  • Prefix matching for commands
  • Cleaner looking help and usage output
  • Extensive test suite
• 0.8.0 Nov 5, 2013
  • Reworked interface to remove commander completely
  • Command now primary structure
  • No initialization needed
  • Usage & Help templates & functions definable at any level
  • Updated Readme
• 0.7.0 Sept 24, 2013
  • Needs more eyes
  • Test suite
  • Support for automatic error messages
  • Support for help command
  • Support for printing to any io.Writer instead of os.Stderr
  • Support for persistent flags which cascade down tree
  • Ready for integration into Hugo
• 0.1.0 Sept 3, 2013
  • Implement first draft

Extensions

Libraries for extending Cobra:

• cmdns: Enables name spacing a command's immediate children. It provides an alternative way to structure subcommands, similar to heroku apps:create and ovrclk clusters:launch.

ToDo

• Launch proper documentation site

Contributing

1. Fork it
2. Create your feature branch (git checkout -b my-new-feature)
3. Commit your changes (git commit -am 'Add some feature')
4. Push to the branch (git push origin my-new-feature)
5. Create new Pull Request

Contributors

Names in no particular order:

• spf13, eparis, bep, and many more!

License

Cobra is released under the Apache 2.0 license. See LICENSE.txt